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In tracing relationships through genetics, researchers have focused on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is passed from mother to child, and Y-DNA, which is passed from father to son. The pioneer studies of ancient DNA mainly tested only a limited section of hypervariable region 1 (HVRI) of mtDNA. In the last few years wider testing has vastly enlarged the understanding of mtDNA haplogroups. Nomenclature of haplogroups is being constantly revised, as new SNPs are discovered. Therefore the haplogroups assigned by the earliest of the studies in the table below are not secure to present standards. Y-DNA being more difficult to obtain from ancient remains, it is only comparatively recently that studies of ancient DNA have been able to include it.

For current haplogroup trees, with the markers that distinguish each haplogroup and sub-clade, see ISOGG's Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree and PhyloTree's mtDNA tree.

For maps placing some of the following data geographically, see European ancient mtDNA in sequential maps by Luis Aldamiz.

Table 1: Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroups extracted from historic and prehistoric human remains in Europe and related remains in Asia and North Africa, arranged chronologically. Note that dates for particular cultures vary from region to region, so there is chronological overlap in the periods.
Culture	Country	Site and/or Individual pigmentation from genes pigmentation surviving Links to site description and/or [reconstruction individual]	Sex	Date (usually approx.)	Y-DNA		mtDNA		Source
Palaeololithic					Haplogroup	Additional information	Haplogroup	Additional information
	Russia	Kostenki 14 [Markina Gora]	M	30,000 BP			U2	11467, 12308, 12372, 1811, 16051	Krause 2010
Gravettian	Italy	Paglicci Cave [23]		28,000 BP			HV? or U?	CRS	Caramelli 2008
Gravettian	Russia	Sunghir [S2]  [S2 and S3 burial]	M	25,000 BP			HV? or U?	16129A In same grave as S3. Probable sibling.	Alexeeva 2000
Gravettian	Russia	Sunghir [S3]	F	25,000 BP			HV? or U?	16129A See above	Alexeeva 2000
Gravettian	Italy	Paglicci Cave [12]		24,000 BP			N*	16223T; 00073G, 10873C, 10238T, 10397A, 10398A, 10399C, 10400C	Caramelli 2003
Gravettian	Italy	Paglicci Cave [25]		24,000 BP			HV or R0 [R0= pre-HV]	CRS in HVR1, 7,025 AluI, 00073A, 11719G, 12308A	Caramelli 2003
Magdalenian	Germany	Hohler Fels [49 Ib1 66]		13,400 BC			U	CRSin HVR1; 1721C 7028Y 12372A 14766T 14793A	Bramanti 2009
Magdalenian	Germany	Hohler Fels [10 Ic 405]		13,400 BC			U	1721C 7028T 12372A 14766T 14793A	Bramanti 2009
Mesolithic
	Italy	Villabruna, Trentino-South Tyrol		12,267-11,831 BC			H ?	16261, 16274	Di Benedetto 2000
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Grotte des Pigeons, Taforalt		10,000 BC			H or U?	11 samples of CRS	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf 55-IB]		10,000 BC			H?	16239T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf VI-10]		10,000 BC			H?	16124T/C 16239T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf V 26]		10,000 BC			H?	16204C 16226T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf XVIa2-19]		10,000 BC			H?	16189C 16261T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf 55-I]		10,000 BC			JT?	16126C 16355T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf V 18]		10,000 BC			JT?	16126C 16304C	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf XXV 3]		10,000 BC			JT?	16126C	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf XXIV]		10,000 BC			JT or U?	16126C 16172C 16174T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf VI9E]		10,000 BC				16172C 16174T	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf V 27]		10,000 BC			V?	16298T/C	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf XIX a]		10,000 BC			V?	16179T 16298T/C	Kefi 2005
Ibero-Maurusian	Morocco	Taforalt [Taf VIII]		10,000 BC			L3, M or N?	16223T	Kefi 2005
	Portugal						H		Chandler 2005
	Portugal						U*		Chandler 2005
	Portugal						U5		Chandler 2005
	Russia	Chekalino	?	7800 BC			U5a	192T 256T 270T 294T; +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
	Russia	Lebyazhinka [IVa]	M	8000-7000 BC			U5a1	192T 241C 256T 270T 399G; +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
	Germany	Falkensteiner Höhle	M	7200 BC			U5b2	1721T 7028T 12372A 14766T 14793A	Bramanti 2009
	England	Gough's Cave, Cheddar [Cheddar Man]	M	7000 BC			U5	16192T, 16270T	ISOGG
	Germany	Bad Dürrenberg [2]	F	6850 BC			U4	356C; +12308 HinfI +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
	Germany	Hohlenstein-Stadel [5830a]	M	6700 BC			U5a	114A 192T 256T 294T 311C; 1721C 7028T 12372A 14766T 14793G	Bramanti 2009
	Germany	Hohlenstein-Stadel [5830b]	F	6700 BC			U5b2	192T 270T; 1721T 7028T 12372A 14766T 14793A	Bramanti 2009
Kunda Culture	Lithuania	Spiginas [4]	F	6350 BC			U4	356C; +12308 HinfI +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
Kunda Culture?	Lithuania	Donkalnis [1]	F				U5b2?	192T 270T; +12308 HinfI 14793A	Bramanti 2009
Narva Culture	Lithuania	Kretuonas [3]	M	4450 BC			U5b2?	192T 270T; +12308 HinfI 14793A	Bramanti 2009
Narva Culture	Lithuania	Kretuonas [1]	F	4200 BC			U5b2?	192T 270T; +12308 HinfI 14793A	Bramanti 2009
Zedmar culture?	Poland	Dudka [2]	?	3650 BC			U5b1	189C 270T; +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
Zedmar Culture	Poland	Dudka [3]	?	4000-3000 BC			U5b1	189C 265G 270T; +12308 HinfI +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 14, 19]		2800-2000 BC			?	2 samples 16311C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 13]		2800-2000 BC			U4	16260T 16356C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 52b, 66, 70]		2800-2000 BC			U4	3 samples 16093C 16356C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 54 ]		2800-2000 BC			U5	16270T	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 36]		2800-2000 BC			U5	16270T 16362C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 5, 29a]		2800-2000 BC			U5a	2 samples 16256T 16270T	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide, Gotland [Ajv 52a]		2800-2000 BC			V	16298C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp, Gotland [Fri 15, Frid 22]		2800-2000 BC			U4	2 samples 16356C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp, Gotland [Fri 4]		2800-2000 BC			U5	16270T	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp, Gotland [Fri 27]		2800-2000 BC			U5a	16256T 16270T	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 8]		2800-2000 BC			K	16093C 16224C 16242T 16311C Reported as J	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 6B]		2800-2000 BC			T	16126C 16294T 16296T 16304C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 9]		2800-2000 BC			U4	16093C 16356C	Malmstrom 2009
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 3]		2800-2000 BC			U4	16356C	Malmstrom 2009
	Poland	Drestwo [2]	M	2250 BC			U5a	192T 256T 270T; +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
Neolithic
Impressed ware	Portugal			5500-4750 BC			H		Chandler 2005
Impressed ware	Portugal			5500-4750 BC			U*		Chandler 2005
Impressed ware	Portugal			5500-4750 BC			U5		Chandler 2005
Impressed ware	Portugal			5500-4750 BC			V		Chandler 2005
LBK	Germany	Derenburg/Meerenstieg II [DEB4 and DEB5]		5500 BC ??			HV	2 samples -12308 Hinf +7025 Alu I	Haak 2005
LBK	Austria	Asparn Schletz [ASP2]		5500 BC ??			H*	-12308 Hinf -7025 Alu I	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Eilsleben [EIL1]		5500 BC ??			H*	-12308 Hinf -7025 Alu I	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Flomborn [FLO2]		5500 BC ??			H*	-12308 Hinf -7025 Alu I	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Schwetzingen [SCHWE4]		5500 BC ??			H*	-7025 Alu I	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Seehausen [SEE1]		5500 BC ??			J*		Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Derenburg/Meerenstieg II [DEB2]		5500 BC ??			K		Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Flomborn [FLO5 and FLO6]		5500 BC ??			K	2 samples	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Unterwiederstedt [UWS2]		5500 BC ??			K		Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Derenburg [1]	F?	5500 BC ??			N1a	147.A 172.C 223.T 248.T 355.T	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Derenburg [3]	F?	5500 BC ??			N1a	147.A 172.C 223.T 248.T 320.T 355.T	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Halberstadt [2]	?	5500 BC ??			N1a	086.C 147.A 172.C 223.T 248.T 320.T 355.T	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Flomborn [1]	?	5500 BC ??			N1a	147.A 172.C 223.T 248.T 320.T 355.T	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Unterweiderstedt [5]	F	5500 BC ??			N1a	129.A 147.A 154.C 172.C 223.T 248.T 320.T 355.T	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Flomborn [FLO4]		5500 BC ??			T		Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Halberstadt [HAL3]		5500 BC ??			T		Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Schwetzingen [SCHWE1, SCHWE2 and SCHWE5]		5500 BC ??			T	3 samples	Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Vaihingen an der Enz [VAI3]		5500 BC ??			U3		Haak 2005
LBK	Germany	Halberstadt [HAL1]		5500 BC ??			V	-12308 Hinf +7025 Alu I	Haak 2005
Alföldi Vonaldiszes Kerámia (AVK)	Hungary	Ecsegfalva I	?	5250-5000 BC			N1a	147.A 172.C 189.C 223.T 248.T 274.A 355.T	Haak 2005
	Italy	Mezzocorona, Trentino-South Tyrol		4444-4326 BC			T2b3a	16126, 16292, 16294	Di Benedetto 2000
	Italy	Borgo Nuovo, Trentino-South Tyrol		4240-3930 BC			H	CRS	Di Benedetto 2000
	Spain	Camıi de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			H	3 samples CRS	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			H	288C 362C	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			I1	(129A) 223T 264T 270T 311C 319A 362C	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			J	2 samples, both 069T 126C	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			T2	126C, 140C, 294T, 296T, 311C	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			T2	126C, 140C, 189C, 294, 296T, 311C	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			U4	134T	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	Cami de Can Grau Granollers, Barcelona		3500-3000 BC			W1	223T, 292T, 295T, 304C	Sampietro 2007
	Spain	San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Araba		3300-3042 BC			H	23 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Araba		3300-3042 BC			J	10 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Araba		3300-3042 BC			K	14 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Araba		3300-3042 BC			U	11 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Araba		3300-3042 BC			T or X	3 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
Copper Age		Funnel Beaker sites are classed as Copper Age here, following Baldia, though described in these studies as Mesolithic (Bramanti) or Neolithic (Malmstrom)
Funnel Beaker	Sweden	Frälsegården, Gokhem [Ste 7]		3500-2500 BC			T	16126C 16294T 16304C	Malmstrom 2009
Funnel Beaker	Sweden	Frälsegården, Gokhem [Ste 9]		3500-2500 BC			J	16069T 16126C 16278T	Malmstrom 2009
Funnel Beaker	Sweden	Frälsegården, Gokhem  [Gok 4]		3500-2500 BC			H	CRS	Malmstrom 2009
Remedello	Italy	Ötztal Alps [Otzi]	M	3350-3100 BC			K1ö	263G 8137T 1189C 1811G 9055A 9698C 14167T 16224C 16311C 16362C Mitosearch: 4q6ja	Rollo 2006 Ermini 2008 Endicott 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK28a]	M	3200 BC			K	224C 311C	Bramanti 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK8d]	M	3200 BC			U5	270T; +12308 HinfI +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK35]	F	3100 BC			U5	270T; +12308 HinfI +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK12a]	M	3000 BC			T2e	093 126C 153A 294T	Bramanti 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK18]	M	3000 BC			T2e	093C 126C 153A 294T	Bramanti 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK45a]	?	3000 BC			J	069T 126C	Bramanti 2009
Funnel Beaker	Germany	Ostorf [SK19]	M	2950 BC			U5a	168T 192T 256T 270T 302G; +12308 HinfI +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
	Spain	Pico Ramos, Bizkaia		2790-2100 BC			H	9 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Pico Ramos, Bizkaia		2790-2100 BC			J	4 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Pico Ramos, Bizkaia		2790-2100 BC			K	4 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Pico Ramos, Bizkaia		2790-2100 BC			U	3 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Pico Ramos, Bizkaia		2790-2100 BC			T or X	4 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Longar, Nafarroa		2580-2450 BC			H	11 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Longar, Nafarroa		2580-2450 BC			K	6 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Longar, Nafarroa		2580-2450 BC			U	4 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Longar, Nafarroa		2580-2450 BC			T or X	4 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Longar, Nafarroa		2580-2450 BC			?	2 samples other haplogroups	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
Bronze Age
Amorite?	Syria	Terqa (Tell Ashara), Middle Euphrates Valley [TQ 28 F250]	F	2650–2450 BC			K	16224C, 16311C	Tomczyk 2010
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [98-7]	F	2600 BC			H	16093C, 16221T	Haak 2008
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [90-5]	F	2600 BC			I	16129A, 16223T, 16391A	Haak 2008
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [93-13]	?	2600 BC			K1a2	16145A, 16224C, 16311C	Haak 2008
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [99-1]	F	2600 BC			K1b	16093C, 16224C, 16311C, 16319A	Haak 2008
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [99-2 and 4]	M	2600 BC	R1a1	SRY10831.2 Y-Search 2C46S	K1b	Siblings, children of 99-1 and 99 -3. 16093C, 16224C, 16311C, 16319A	Haak 2008
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [99-3]	M	2600 BC	R1a1	SRY10831.2 Y-Search 2C46S	U5b	16189C, 16192T, 16270T	Haak 2008
Corded Ware	Germany	Eulau [98-9 and 10]	M + F	2600 BC			X2	Siblings in same grave. 16189C, 16223T, 16278T 73G, 153G, 195C, 225A, 226C, 263G	Haak 2008
Thracian	Romania	South East [1BA]		2100-1200 BC			H17	16129C	Cardos 2004
Thracian	Romania	South East [5BA]		2100-1200 BC			?	16186T 16189C 16299T	Cardos 2004
Thracian	Romania	South East [7BA]		2100-1200 BC			?	16129A 16223T	Cardos 2004
Thracian	Romania	South East [8BA]		2100-1200 BC			H22?	16145A	Cardos 2004
Thracian	Romania	South East [9BA]		2100-1200 BC			HV?	16311C	Cardos 2004
Tocharian?	China	Urumchi, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Province		2000 BC			H		Mallory and Mair 2000; Francalacci 1995
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Province [100, 102]	F	1980±40 BC			C4	2 samples 16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [106]	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [107] Nut-brown hair	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16223 16298C 16309 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [109] Light brown hair	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [110] Brown hair	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [111] Brown hair	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	C4	16223 16298C 16309 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [115] Brown black hair	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [117]	F	1980±40 BC			M*	16223 16304	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [119] Light brown hair	F	1980±40 BC			K	1693 16134T 16224 16311 16390	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [120] Brown-black hair	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	R*	16189 16192 16311	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [121]	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	R*	16183 16189 16192 16311	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [127]	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16223 16298C 16309 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [128] Brown-black hair	F	1980±40 BC			H	16260T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [131] Nut-brown hair	F	1980±40 BC			R*	16189 16192 16311 16390	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [132] Nut-brown hair	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [135] Black hair	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16223 16298C 16309 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [136] Nut-brown hair	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [138] Brown-black hair	F	1980±40 BC			C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Tocharian?	China	Xiaohe, Xinjiang [139] Brown hair	M	1980±40 BC	R1a1a	M89 M9 M45 M173 M198	C4	16298C 16327T	Li 2010
Andronovo	Russia	Tatarka cemetery, burial 64 Charypovsky region [S07] Loren/Oberoi in Table 3	M	1800–1400 BC	C (not C3)	Ci in Table 2	U4	16356C	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Tatarka, burial 55 [S08] Brown eyes	F	1800–1400 BC			Z1	16129A 16185T 16223T 16224C 16260T 16298C	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Solenoozernaïa IV, kourgane I, burial 3, Krasnoyarsk region [S09] Kelly/Craig in Table 3	M	1800–1400 BC			T1	16126C 16163G 16186T 16189C 16294T	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Solenoozernaïa IV, kourgane I, burial 4 [S10] Brown hair	M	1800–1400 BC	R1a1	Rii in  table 2	U2e	16051G 16092C 16129C 16183C 16189C 16362C	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Solenoozernaïa I, burial 4 [S11] Blue or green eyes	F	1800–1400 BC			T4	16126C 16294T 16324C	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Solenoozernaïa IV, kurgane I, burial 4 [S13]	?	1800–1400 BC			H6	16187T 16362C	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Solenoozernaïa I, burial 4 Krasnoyarsk region [S14] Weaver/Ford in Table 3	F	1800–1400 BC			U4	16356C	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Solenoozernaïa I, burial 29 [S15] Blue or green eyes	?	1800–1400 BC			K2b	16093C 16224C 16311C 16319A	Keyser 2009
Andronovo	Russia	Oust-Abakansty, chief kurgan, Khakassia republic [S16] Kelly/Craig in Table 3	M	1800–1400 BC	R1a1	Rii in table 2	U5a1	16192T 16256T 16270T	Keyser 2009
Mycenaen	Greece	Grave Circle B, Mycenae [55, 58]		1500 BC			K	Brother and sister? 16224 and 16311	Bouwman 2008
Mycenaen	Greece	Grave Circle B, Mycenae [Z59]		1500 BC			U5a1/U5a1a	16256, 16266 and 16270	Bouwman 2008
Mycenaen	Greece	Grave Circle B, Mycenae [A62]		1500 BC			H?	CRS	Bouwman 2008
	Ireland	Glencurran Cave		1500 BC			U5		IT Sligo News
	Spain	Urratxa, Bizkaia		1475-1405 BC			H	2 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Urratxa, Bizkaia		1475-1405 BC			J	2 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
	Spain	Urratxa, Bizkaia		1475-1405 BC		U	2 samples	Izagirre and de la Rúa 1999
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Oi-Zhaylau-III, Talapty-II		1400-1000 BC			T1	126 163 186 189 294	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Oi-Zhaylau-III, Talapty-II		1400-1000 BC			T1	093 126 163 186 189 294	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Vodokhranilische (Kourgan 4)		1400-1000 BC			HV	129	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Vodokhranilische (Kourgan 4)		1400-1000 BC			I	129 223 294	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Vodokhranilische (Kourgan 4)		1400-1000 BC			T*	126 288 294 296	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Ak-Mustafa (Kourgan 2)		1400-1000 BC			U5	187 192 260 270	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Izmaylovka (Kourgan 7,10)		1400-1000 BC			H	CRS	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Izmaylovka (Kourgan 7,10)		1400-1000 BC			U5a1	192 256 270 311	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Karasuk	Russia	Oust-Abakansty, kurgan IV, burial 1, Khakassia republic [S18] Blue or green eyes	F	1400–800 BC			U5a1	114A 256T 270T 294T	Keyser 2009
Karasuk	Russia	Bogratsky, burial I Khakassia republic [S19] Blue or green eyes	F	1400–800 BC			U4*	356C 362C	Keyser 2009
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave, near Dorste, Lower Saxony [M1, M2, M7]	M	1000 BC	I2b2	Ii in Table 2	H	3 samples	Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M3, M6]	M	1000 BC	I2b2	Iii in Table 2	H	2 samples	Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M14]	M	1000 BC	I2b2?	Iii? in Table 2	H		Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M4, M5, M19]	M	1000 BC	I2b2	Iiii in Table 2	H	3 samples	Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M8, M16]	M	1000 BC	I2b2	Ii in Table 2	U5b	2 samples	Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M10]	M	1000 BC	R1a1	Ri in Table 2	T2?		Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M11]	M	1000 BC	R1a1?	Ri? in Table 2	U		Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [M9]	M	1000 BC	R1b	Rbi in Table 2	H		Schilz 2006 Schweitzer 2008
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F1, F12, F13, F19, F20, F21]	F	1000 BC			H	6 samples	Schilz 2006
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F2, F3, M12, M15]	F	1000 BC			J*	4 samples	Schilz 2006
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F14]	F	1000 BC			J1b1		Schilz 2006
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F5, F6, F10, F16]	F	1000 BC			T2	4 samples	Schilz 2006
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F9, F18]	F	1000 BC			U	2 samples	Schilz 2006
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F15]	F	1000 BC			U (2?)		Schilz 2006
	Germany	Lichtenstein Cave [F4, F7, F8]	F	1000 BC			U5b	3 samples	Schilz 2006
Bronze-Iron Age
Nuragic	Italy	Sardinia		1400- 700 BC			H, J, T, V and U		Caramelli 2007
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Zevakinskiy		800-600 BC			H	3 samples CRS	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Zevakinskiy		800-600 BC			U1	189 249	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Steppe nomads	Kazakhstan	Zevakinskiy		800-600 BC			W	223 292	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Iron Age
Babadag	Romania	SE near the Black Sea coast [1IA, 2IA]		1000-600 BC				2 samples 16262C [incomplete sequences]	Cardos 2004
Babadag	Romania	SE near the Black Sea coast [5IA]		1000-600 BC				CRS [incomplete]	Cardoa 2004
Babadag	Romania	SE near the Black Sea coast [10IA]		1000-600 BC				16192T 16284C	Cardos 2004
Hsiung-nu?	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 1,8,9,11,12,23,29)		800-400 BC			G2	189 223 278	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 1,8,9,11,12,23,29)		800-400 BC			H	CRS	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Tagar	Russia	Novosselovsky region, Anach village, kurgan I, burial 3 [S21] Rai/Sinatra in Table 3	?	800 BC–100 AD			T3	126C 189C 292T 294T	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Novosselovsky region, Anach village, kurgan I, burial 4 [S22] Brown eyes	F	800 BC–100 AD			T3	126C 189C 292T 294T	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Tchernogorsk, burial 1 Khakassia Republic [S23] Blue or green eyes	?	800 BC–100 AD			T3	126C 189C 292T 294T 296T	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Tchernogorsk, burial 6 [S24] Blue or green eyes	M	800 BC–100 AD	R1a1	Riii in Table 2	I4	129A 223T 304C 391A	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Oust-Abakansty, Khakassia Republic [S25] Blue or green eyes	M	800 BC–100 AD	R1a1	Riv in Table 2	G2a	093C 223T 234T 288C 298C 327T	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Beysky region, burial 3 Khakassia Republic [S26] Midler/Heigl in Table 3	M	800 BC–100 AD	R1a1	Rv in Table 2	C	148T 223T 234T 288C 298C 327T	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Bogratsky region, kurgan 133, burial 3, Khakassia Republic [S27]	F	800 BC–100 AD			H or U	CRS	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Bogratsky region, kurgan 133, burial 3 [S28] Midler/Heigl in Table 3	M	800 BC–100 AD	R1a1	Rvi in Table 2	F1b	172C  179T 183C 189C 232A 249C 304C 311C	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Bogratsky region, kurgan 133, burial 3 [S29] Blue or green eyes	M	800 BC–100 AD	R1a1	Rvii in Table 2	H  or U	CRS	Keyser 2009
Tagar	Russia	Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz II, burial 1 [S32] Brown eyes	M	800 BC–100 AD	R1a1	Rviii in Table 2	H5a	304T 319A	Keyser 2009
	China	Gavaerk, near Qiemo, Xinjiang [2C]	F	800 BC–100 AD			C	223 298 327	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [4B]	M	800 BC–100 AD			C	223 298 309 327	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [1E]	M	800 BC–100 AD			D	223 362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [2A]	M	800 BC–100 AD			D	362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [14A]	M	800 BC–100 AD			? [reported as D]	rCRS	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [16A, 16B]	M + F	800 BC–100 AD			D	2 samples in same grave: 173 223	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [17A]	M	800 BC–100 AD			D	114A 223 362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [17B]	F	800 BC–100 AD			D	223	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [25C, 25G]	M	800 BC–100 AD			D	2 samples in same grave: 189 223 362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [4A]	F	800 BC–100 AD			D4	223 274 362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [2G, 11A, 22A]	F + 2 M	800 BC–100 AD			? [reported as F1]	3 samples rCRS	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [23F]	F	800 BC–100 AD			F1	114A 187 192 256 266 304 357	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [5D]	M	800 BC–100 AD			F1a	129 172 293 304	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [3G, 27]	2 M	800 BC–100 AD			H	311	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [13]	M	800 BC–100 AD			H	305T 311	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [7D]	?	800 BC–100 AD			K	224 311	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [2E]	F	800 BC–100 AD			M*	209 223 362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [8D, 8F]	2 M	800 BC–100 AD			M*	2 samples in same grave: 93	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [3C]	M	800 BC–100 AD			M10	92 193 223 311 357	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [4E, 4G]	2 M	800 BC–100 AD			M13a	2 samples in same grave: 145 148 188 189 223	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [3F]	M	800 BC–100 AD			? [reported as N]	rCRS	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [25G]	F	800 BC–100 AD			T	126 294	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [3M]	M	800 BC–100 AD			R*	71 357	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [3P]	F	800 BC–100 AD			R*	223 356	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [9D]	M	800 BC–100 AD			? [reported as U]	rCRS	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [25F]	F	800 BC–100 AD			U2e	129C 183C 362	Zhang 2010
	China	Gavaerk, Xinjiang [1A, 1B]	M + F	800 BC–100 AD			U4	2 samples in same grave: 134 183C 189 356	Zhang 2010
	Kazakhstan	Molaly (Kourgan 14,18,20,25)		700-400 BC			M4	129 174 223	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Molaly (Kourgan 14,18,20,25)		700-400 BC			T*	126 294 296	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Hsiung-nu?	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 15)		700-200 BC			A*	2 samples 223 319 362	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Hsiung-nu?	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 15)		700-200 BC			A*	223 290 319 362	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 15)		700-200 BC			M*	223 286	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 15)		700-200 BC			H	266 287	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Birlik (Kourgan 15)		700-200 BC			U*	189	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Iberian	Spain	Mas Castellar (Pontos), Girona, Catalonia [1000012-2]	?	700-100 BC			J*	16126 16189 −13704 BstNI, 3010G	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Illa d’en Reixac (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 15112]	M	600 BC			U5a	16256 16270	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Illa d’en Reixac (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 1070]	M	600 BC			H	16126 16311 −7025 AluI (#5), 7028 C (#15)	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Illa d’en Reixac (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [15091]	?	600 BC			H1	CRS −7025 AluI, 3010 A	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Illa d’en Reixac (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 15224]	M	600 BC			H	16126 7028C, 3010G, 13708G	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Illa d’en Reixac (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 15078-1] Possible decapitation.	M	600 BC			K*	16224 16311	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 14015]	?	535-200 BC			H	16287	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 14045]	?	535-200 BC			U4	16356 7028T, 12308G, 3010G	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [N.I. 3967 + 1401]	? +M	535-200 BC			H	2 samples 16126 7028C, 3010G, 13708G	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 14020]	?	535-200 BC			T	16126 16294	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [T.C. 4 E I-II]	?	535-200 BC			H1	16126 −7025 AluI, 3010 A	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 14015-1]	M	535-200 BC			R0	16362 7028T, 14766C Recorded as Pre-HV	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [UE 14119]	?	535-200 BC			H	16273 −7025 AluI	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [2002 Z13]	?	535-200 BC			U5*	16270 16281	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [3613]	M	535-200 BC			H	16126 16311 −7025 AluI (#5), 7028 C (#15) 3010G, 13708G	Sampietro 2005
Iberian	Spain	Puig de Sant Andreu (Ullastret), Girona, Catalonia [3615]	M	535-200 BC			J*	16126 13708A, 7028T	Sampietro 2005
	Kazakhstan	Solyanka II (Kourgan 2,3)		500-0 BC			H	150 189	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Solyanka II (Kourgan 2,3)		500-0 BC			HV	129	Lalueza-Fox 2004
	Kazakhstan	Solyanka II (Kourgan 2,3)		500-0 BC			U*	311	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Scytho-Siberian	Altaï Republic	Kizil	M	500 BC			N1a	16147A, 16172C, 16223T, 16248T,  16355T	Ricaut  2004a
Scytho-Siberian Pazyryk culture	Altaï Republic	Sebÿstei Valley [SEB 96 K1]	M	450 BC			F2a	16093C 16203G 16231C 16291T 16304C	Ricaut 2004c
Scytho-Siberian Pazyryk culture	Altaï Republic	Sebÿstei Valley, Altaï Republic [SEB 96K2]	M	450 BC	R1a1		D?	16093C 16129A 16173T 16223T 16319A 16362C	Ricaut 2004c Keyser 2009
Saka	Kazakhstan	Berel	M	300-350 BC				CRS	Clisson 2002
Saka	Kazakhstan	Berel	F	300-350 BC			X or D?	16223T, 16362C	Clisson 2002
Xiongnu	Mongolia	Duurlig Nars [MNX3]	M	300- 100 BC	R1a1a [reported as R1a1	M173 SRY10831.2 M17	U2e1	16051 16093 16129C 16182C 16183C 16189 16362 73 152 217 263 3151C 340 12308, 12372, 15907 73 152 217 263 3151C 340 12308, 12372, 15907	Kim 2010
Xiongnu	Mongolia	Duurlig Nars [MNX4]	F	300BC–100AD			D4	16223 16362 73 263 3091C 3151C 3010, 5178A	Kim 2010
Xiongnu	Mongolia	Duurlig Nars [MNX2]	M	100BC–100AD	C3	RPS4Y711 M217	D4	16223 16311 16362 73 263 3091C 3151C 3010, 5178A	Kim 2010
	Denmark	Bøgebjerggård [B4 and B6]	M	0 BC/AD			H	2 samples 7028C CRS	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Bøgebjerggård [B1]	F	0 BC/AD			I	7028T, 10034C 16129A, 16223T, 16391A	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Bøgebjerggård [B5]	F	0 BC/AD			I	7028T, 10034C 16129A, 16223T, 16304C, 16391A	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Bøgebjerggård [B2]	M	0 BC/AD			R0a	7028T 16126C, 16355T, 16362C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Bøgebjerggård [B3]	M	0 BC/AD			U2e	7028T, 12308G 16129C, 16183C, 16189C, 16362C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Bøgebjerggård [B7]	M	0 BC/AD			U5b1	7028T, 12308G 16074G, 16189C, 16192T, 16249C, 16270T	Melchior 2008a
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC2 T1]	F	0-100 AD			H or V?	CRS Adult with tuberculosis in niche SC2	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC2 T2]	?	0-100 AD			H or V?	CRS Infant with tuberculosis in niche SC2	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC2 T3]	?	0-100 AD			H	16354T Infant with tuberculosis in niche SC2	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC17]	?	0-100 AD			H or J1	16261T, 16354T	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC4]	M	0-100 AD			W? (reported as T3)	16292T	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC7 F]	F	0-100 AD			W? (reported as T3)	16292T Juvenile	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC7 ?]	?	0-100 AD			W? (reported as T3)	16292T	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC7 M]	M	0-100 AD			W	16223T, 16292T	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC17 F]	F	0-100 AD			W	16223T, 16292T	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC1]	M	0-100 AD				16231C, 16261T Had tuberculosis and leprosy. Shroud 50 BCE -16 CE	Matheson 2009
Jewish	Israel	Tomb of the Shroud, Akeldama, Jerusalem [SC9]	M	0-100 AD				16346C, 16363G	Matheson 2009
Tachtyk	Russia	Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, burial 5, Khakassia Republic [S33] Kelly/Craig in Table 3	F	100–400 AD			C	093C 129A 223t 298C 327T	Keyser 2009
Tachtyk	Russia	Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, burial 4 [S34] Blue or green eyes	M	100–400 AD	R1a1	Riii in Table 2	HV	172C 311C	Keyser 2009
Tachtyk	Russia	Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, burial 2 [S35] Brown eyes	F	100–400 AD			H or U	093C 209C	Keyser 2009
Tachtyk	Russia	Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, burial [S36] Kelly/Craig in Table 3	F	100–400 AD			N9a	223T 257A 261T	Keyser 2009
Tachtyk	Russia	Bogratsky region, Abakano-Pérévoz I, burial 4 [S37] Kelly/Craig in Table 3	F	100–400 AD			T1	126C 163G 186T 189C 269G 294T 362C	Keyser 2009
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S4]	?	200-270 AD			H	7028C 16311C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S5]	F	200-270 AD		7 and 17]	H	7028C 16162G, 16266T, 16319A	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S6]	F	200-270 AD			H	7028C 16299G	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S14]	F	200-270 AD			H	7028C 16263C, 16319A	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S3]	F	200-270 AD			H1	7028C 16304C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S1]	?	200-270 AD			J	7028T, 13708A 16069T, 16126C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S2]	M	200-270 AD			K	7028T, 12308G 16224C, 16311C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S11]	F?	200-270 AD			K	7028T, 12308G 16093C, 16224C, 16311C	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S13]	F	200-270 AD			U3a	7028T, 12308G 16343G, 16390A	Melchior 2008a
	Denmark	Skovgaarde [S7]	F	200-270 AD			V	7028T, 4580A 16298C	Melchior 2008a
	Kazakhstan	Kok-Mardan (Kourgan 2,3,6,16)		200-500 AD			U1	183 189 249	Lalueza-Fox 2004
Chinese Dynastic
Quin to Western Jin	China	Sampula, Luo County, Xinjiang Khotan [Y1]		217 BC-283 AD			B	223, 256, 327	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y8 and Y10]		217 BC-283 AD			C	223, 229, 327	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y7]		217 BC-283 AD			Fla	126, 162, 172, 304	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y5]		217 BC-283 AD			G	111, 223, 234, 362	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [L1]		217 BC-283 AD			M	223, 256, 327	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y3]		217 BC-283 AD			M	113, 223	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y6]		217 BC-283 AD			N	126, 183C, 189, 311, 365	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y13]		217 BC-283 AD			N	126, 163, 186, 189, 247C	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y2]		217 BC-283 AD			T2	126, 129, 260, 294, 296, 304	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [L3]		217 BC-283 AD			U3	343	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [L4]		217 BC-283 AD			U3	189, 343	Xie 2007b
Quin - W. Jin	China	Sampula [Y11 and Y12]		217 BC-283 AD			U3	Two samples 129, 223, 343	Xie 2007b
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			A		Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			D	2 samples	Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			G2a		Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			H	3 samples	Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			I		Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			M	3 samples	Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			N	3 samples	Gao 2008
Western Han	China	Yuansha		135 BC			T	2 samples	Gao 2008
Sui Dynasty Sogdian person	China	Tomb of Yu Hong, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province [Yu Hong]	M	600 AD			U5		Xie 2007a
Sui Dynasty	China	Tomb of Yu Hong [Wife of Yu Hong]	F	600 AD			G		Xie 2007a
Roman
Roman	Italy	House of Caius Iulius Polybius, Pompeii [1B]		79 AD			HV0	rCRS + 16292 and 16298	Di Bernado 2009
Roman	Italy	House of Caius Iulius Polybius, Pompeii [1A]		79 AD			H ?	rCRS + 16399	Di Bernado 2009
Roman	Italy	House of Caius Iulius Polybius, Pompeii [5,6B]		79 AD			H	rCRS in HVS1 and 73	Di Bernado 2009
Roman	Italy	House of Caius Iulius Polybius, Pompeii [3A, 3B, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3D]		79 AD			T2b	Presumed family group 16294 and 16304	Di Bernado 2009
Roman Syria	Italy/Syria	Luke the Evangelist Born Antioch; buried Padua		c. 150 AD			H2a2b1	16235, 16291 [Reported as H]	Vernesi 2001
Romano-British	England	Leicester [R13]		300-400 AD			H1a	162	Töpf 2006, 2007
Romano-British	England	Leicester [R2]		300-400 AD			H5	304, 320	Töpf 2006, 2007
Romano-British	England	Leicester [R9]		300-400 AD			HV0	298	Töpf 2006, 2007
Romano-British	England	Leicester [R7]		300-400 AD			U5b	189, 270	Töpf 2006, 2007
Romano-British	England	Leicester [R8]		300-400 AD			T2b	126, 294, 304	Töpf 2006, 2007
Romano-British	England	Leicester [R3]		300-400 AD			X2f	189, 223, 278	Töpf 2006, 2007
Medieval
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			H	11 samples: CRS; nt73 HVR-II - G	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			H	12 samples: CRS; nt73 HVR-II - A	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			H	11 samples: 362; nt73 HVR-II - A	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			J	3 samples: 069, 126, 390	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			J	3 samples: 069, 126	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			J	2 samples: 069, 126, 278, 366	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			K	224, 311	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			M1	2 samples: 129, 185, 189, 223, 249, 311	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			T	126, 189, 294	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			T2	126, 294, 296, 304	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			T2	126, 266, 274, 294, 304	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			U2	051, 092, 129C, 192, 362	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			U2	051, 129C, 183, 189, 362	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			U5	192, 270	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			U5	176, 270	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			U5	172, 189, 192, 270, 311	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta		500-700 AD			HV0	298 [Reported as V]	Alzualde 2006
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta	M	500-700 AD	R1	2 samples M173			Alzualde 2007
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta	M	500-700 AD	R1b	19 samples M173 -M198			Alzualde 2007
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta	M	500-700 AD	R1b1b2a1a2b	2 samples M153			Alzualde 2007
Basque?	Spain	Aldaieta	M	500-700 AD	I	4 samples M170			Alzualde 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N9]		400-600 AD			H	CRS	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N12]		400-600 AD			H	126, 293C [reported as J]	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N3]		400-600 AD			H2b	298, 311	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N16]		400-600 AD			I	129, 223	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N15]		400-600 AD			T2e	126, 153, 294	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N7, N19]		400-600 AD			U5a	2 samples: 192, 256, 270, 311	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market [N11]		400-600 AD			U5a1b1	192, 256, 270, 291 [reported as U5a1]	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglian Bernicia	England	Norton, Cleveland Market  [N20, N57]		400-600 AD			W	2 samples: 223, 292	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Buckland, Dover, Kent		500-600 AD					Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Market Lavington, near Salisbury		550-700 AD					Töpf 2006, 2007
Merovingian	Germany	Ergolding [244E]	M	670 AD	G2a	Y-Search H6KZ2, QCX3T; Gi in Table 2			Vanek 2009
Merovingian	Germany	Ergolding [244F]	M	670 AD	G2a	Y-Search 2SRMA; Gii in Table 2			Vanek 2009
Merovingian	Germany	Ergolding [244A and B]	M	670 AD	R1b	Siblings: Y-Search 6QUDR; Rbii in Table 2			Vanek 2009
Merovingian	Germany	Ergolding [244C]	M	670 AD	R1b	Y-Search H78RA; Rbiii in Table 2			Vanek 2009
Merovingian	Germany	Ergolding [244D]	M	670 AD	R1b	Y-Search ZYRUU; Rbiv in Table 2			Vanek 2009
Viking	Norway	Oseberg ship burial	F	780-790 AD			U7		Holck 2006
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G1]		1000 AD			K	7028T 12308G 16126C 16224C 16311C 16320T	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G2]		1000 AD			H	7028C 16093C	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G3]		1000 AD			H	7028C 16278T 16212G 16222T 16255A	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G4]		1000 AD			H	7028C 16213A	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G5]		1000 AD			U5a1a	7028T 12308G 16256T 16270T 16399G	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G6]		1000 AD			I	10034C 16129A 16223T 16391A	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G7]		1000 AD			X2c	7028T 14470C 8705C 16189C 16223T 16255A 16278T	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G8]		1000 AD			H	7028C 16174T	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G9]		1000 AD			T2	7028T 16126T 16294T 16296T 16304C	Melchior 2008b
Viking	Denmark	Galgedil, Island of Funen [G10]		1000 AD			H	7028C 16172C 16304C	Melchior 2008b
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W55]		890–1020 AD			H	CRS	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W21]		890–1020 AD			H	16222	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W22]		890–1020 AD			H	16162G	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W51]		890–1020 AD			H	16221	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W5]		890–1020 AD			?	16172C 16187T 16189C 16217C 16223T	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W27 and W37]		890–1020 AD			H?	2 samples 16126C [Reported as J]	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W9]		890–1020 AD			H?	16224C 16293G 16311C [Reported as K]	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W30]		890–1020 AD			U5b1	189 270	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W14]		890–1020 AD			?	183C 189 239	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W32 and W18]		890–1020 AD			T1a	126 163 186 189 294	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W38]		890–1020 AD			T1	126 163 186 189 294 193D	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W25]		890–1020 AD			T1	126 163 186 189 294 193D 239	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W49]		890–1020 AD			T2?	126 294 304 192 207	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W29]		890–1020 AD			T2?	126 294 304 192 260	Töpf 2006, 2007
Anglo-Saxon	England	Castle Mall, Norwich [W6]		890–1020 AD			X2e1	16189A, 16223T, 16271C, 16278T	Töpf 2006, 2007
	Hungary	Sarretudvar-Hizofold 213. tomb [anc13]	M	900-950 AD			R	311C 173ApaLI 11719A 12308A 12705C 114766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Harta-Freifelt 10.tomb [anc25]	F	900-950 AD			H	294T 304C 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI 10310G	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	[anc28]	M	900-1000 AD	N3	Tat C			Csányi 2008
	Hungary	Oroshaza-Gorbics tanya 2.tomb [anc3]	F	900-1000 AD			N1a	147A 172C 183C 189C 223T 320T 355T 110237HphI 10400C Mitosearch ID: 75QFP	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Aldebro-Mocsaros 25. tomb [anc7]	F	900-1000 AD			U4	356C 12308G	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Besenyotelek-Szorhat 1. tomb [anc8]	M	900-1000 AD			N1a	147A 172C 183C 189C 223T 248T 320T 355T 110237HphI 110871MnlI Mitosearch ID: QDGKZ	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Eger-Szepasszonyvolgy 4. tomb [anc9]	?	900-1000 AD			U	259A 311C 273ApaLI 17025AluI 12308G 114766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Fadd-Jegeshegy 88.tomb [anc17]	M	900-1100 AD			H	304C 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Izsak-Balazspuszta [anc1]	M	c. 950 AD			B	140C 182C 183C 189C 217C 274A 9bp del	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Szabadkigyos-Palliget 7.tomb [anc4]	M	c. 950 AD			U4	223T 356C 10400C 12308G 12705C 173ApaLI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Sarretudvar-Hizofold 118. tomb [anc12]	F	c. 950 AD			T	126C 182C 183C 189C 294T 296T 298C	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Mozs-Szarazdomb 2.tomb [anc18]	F	c. 950 AD			T	126C 148T 218T 294T 304C	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Mozs-Szarazdomb 41.tomb [anc19]	M	c. 950 AD			H	093C 366T 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Mozs-Szarazdomb 60.tomb [anc20]	F	c. 950 AD			M	223T 311C 10400T	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Aldebro-Mocsaros 25. tomb [anc7]	F	975-1000 AD			U4	356C 12308G	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Sarretudvar-Hizofold 5. tomb [anc10]	M	975-1000 AD			I	129A 148T 223T 110237HphI 12705T	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Sarretudvar-Hizofold 9. tomb [anc11]	M	975-1000 AD			T2	126C 294T 304C	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Fadd-Jegeshegy 62.tomb [anc14]	F	975-1000 AD			R	CRS 173ApaLI 27025AluI 11719A 12308A 114766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Fadd-Jegeshegy 63.tomb [anc15]	F	975-1025 AD			V	153A 298C 72C 273ApaLI 14580NheI 17025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Fadd-Jegeshegy 74.tomb [anc16]	M	975-1025 AD			T		Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Ormenykut 3/c tomb [anc21]	M	975-1000 AD	N3	Tat C	H	CRS 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007 Csányi 2008
	Hungary	Ormenykut 8.tomb [anc22]	M	975-1000 AD			X	183C 189C 223T 278T 110871MnlI 14470C	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Ormenykut 12.tomb [anc23]	F	975-1000 AD			X	183C 189C 223T 278T 110871MnlI 14470C	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Fadd-Jegeshegy 78.tomb [anc27]	M	975-1025 AD			HV	311C 273ApaLI 214766MseI 17025AluI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Szegvar-Oromdulo 412. tomb [anc5]	F	1000-1050 AD			H	CRS 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Lebeny-Kaszas 80.tomb [anc26]	M	1000-1100 AD			H	311C 362C 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Magyarhomorog 120.tomb [anc2]	M	1050 AD			H	CRS 273ApaLI 27025AluI 214766MseI	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Szegvar-Oromdulo 593. tomb [anc6]	F	1050-1100 AD			U5a1	114A 192T 256T 270T 294T 12308G	Tömöry 2007
	Hungary	Zalavar-Kapolna 270.tomb [anc24]	M	1100 AD			U3	311C 343G 12308G	Tömöry 2007
Viking	Denmark	Sven II Estridsen	M	1074 AD			H	7028C	Dissing 2007
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A211/K5]	F	1000-1250 AD			H	7028C	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A346/K6 ]	M	1000-1250 AD			H	7028C 16221T	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A395/K8 ]	F?	1000-1250 AD			H	7028C 16129A, 16316G, 16360T	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A367/K2 and A363/K7]	F	1000-1250 AD			I	2 samples 7028T 16129A, 16223T, 16391A	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A368/K3]	F	1000-1250 AD			J	7028T 16069T, 16126C	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A362/K4]	F	1000-1250 AD			T2	7028T 16126C, 16174T, 16266T, 16294T, 16304C	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
Viking/Christian	Denmark	Kongemarken [A396/K1]	M	1000-1250 AD			U7	7028T, 12308G 16189C, 16318T	Rudbeck 2005 Melchior 2008b
	Czech Republic	Church of St.Margaret, Podlazice [HB02]	M	c. 1180 AD	R1b*	Ysearch U98VT Rbv in Table 2			Ysearch Daniel Vanek
	Russia	Vicinity Lake Beloe, Vologda Oblast		1100-1300			H?	43 samples CRS	Kulikov 2004
	Russia	Vicinity Lake Beloe, Vologda Oblast		1100-1300			H17?	2 samples 16129A	Kulikov 2004
	Russia	Vicinity Lake Beloe, Vologda Oblast		1100-1300			I?	2 samples 16129A 16223T	Kulikov 2004
Cumanian	Hungary	Csengele		1200-1300			H, V, U, U3, JT and D		Bogácsi-Szabó 2005
	Italy	Francesco Petrarca	M	1374 AD			J1d	16126, 16193, 16311 [Reported as J2]	Caramelli 2007
	Italy	Grave of Francesco Petrarca	F	?			H*	Female skull. 16129	Caramelli 2007

Table 2: Y-chromosome STR haplotypes. Haplotype labels in column 2 have no official status. They are simply for reference between tables on this page.
Haplogroup	Haplotype	DYS 19	385a	385b	388	389-1	389-2	390	391	392	393	426	437	438	439	444	446	447	448	449	456	458	459	481	635	YGATA	H4
C(xC3)	Ci	15	12	13		14	30	22	9	12	14		14	10	11				19		15	16			22	11
G2a	Gi	14,15			13	12	29			11	14	11	16	10	11		21	23				16	9,9	21
G2a	Gii		15		12	12	29		10	11	13	11		11			16		22	27		19	9,9	21		12
I2b2	Ii	16	13	17		12	28	25	11	11	13		15	10	11
I2b2	Iii	15	13	17		12	27	25	11	11	13		15	10	11
I2b2	Iiii	16	13	17		12	28	24	11	11	13		15	10	11
R1a	Ri	15	11	13?		13	30	23	11	11	13		14	11	11
R1a1	Rii	16	11	14		14	32	25	11	11	13		14	11	10				20		16	15			23	12
R1a1	Riii	17	11	14		13	31	24	11	11	13		14	11	10				20		16	15			23	13
R1a1	Riv		11	14		13	31	24	11	11	13		14	11	10				20		16	15			23
R1a1	Rv	16	11	14		13	31	24	11	11	13		14	11	10				20		16	15			23	13
R1a1	Rvi	16	11	14		14	31	25	11	11	13		14	11	10				20		16	15			23	12
R1a1	Rvii		11	14		14	31	25	11	11	13		14	11							16	15			23	12
R1a1	Rviii	17	11	14		13	31	24	11	12	13		14	11	10				20		16	15			23	13
R1b	Rbi	14	11	14		13	29	23	11	13	13		15	12	12
R1b	Rbii	14	11	14	12	13	29	23	10	13	13	12	15	12			13	24	19	29	16	17	9,10	22	23	12
R1b	Rbiii	14	11	14	12	13		23	10	13	13	12	15	12	12		13	24	19	29	16	18	9,10	22	23	12
R1b	Rbiv		11	14		13	29	24	11	13	13	12	15	12	12					29	15	18	8,10		23	11
R1b	Rbv	14	11	14	12	13	30	24	11	13	12	12	15	12	12	12	15	25	19	32	16	16	9,10	22	23		11

Table 3: Most probable phenotypes, deduced from rs12913832 and OCA2 diplotype
Pigmentation phenotype	Eye Colour	Hair Colour	Skin Colour
Sophia Loren/Vivek Oberoi	Brown	Dark brown	Fair to medium
Sigourney Weaver/ Harrison Ford	Brown	Brown	Fair to medium
Bette Midler/Katherine Heigl	Brown	Blond or light brown	Fair to medium
Aishwarya Rai/Frank Sinatra	Blue or green	Brown	Fair to medium
Grace Kelly/Daniel Craig	Blue or green	Blond or light brown	Fair to medium

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Melchior 2008b	Melchior, L. et al., Evidence of Authentic DNA from Danish Viking Age Skeletons Untouched by Humans for 1,000 Years, PLoS ONE, vol. 3, no. 5 (2008).
Mooder 2005	Mooder K. et al., Matrilineal affinities and prehistoric Siberian mortuary practices: A case study from Neolithic Lake Baikal, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 32, no 4 (2005), pp. 619–634.
Ricaut 2004a	Ricaut, F.X, et al., Genetic analysis of a Scytho-Siberian skeleton and its implications for ancient Central Asian migrations, Human Biology, vol. 76, no. 1 (Feb 2004), pp.109-25.
Ricaut 2004b	Ricaut, F.X, et al., Genetic analysis of human remains found in two eighteenth century Yakut graves at At-Dabaan, International Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 118, no. 1 (Feb 2004), pp. 24-31.
Ricaut 2004c	Ricaut, F.X, et al., Genetic analysis and ethnic affinities from two Scytho-Siberian skeletons, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 123, no. 4 (Apr 2004), pp. 351-60.
Rollo 2006	Rollo, F., et al., Fine Characterization of the Iceman’s mtDNA Haplogroup, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 130, no. (2006), pp. 557 - 564.
Rudbeck 2005	Rudbeck, L., et al., mtDNA analysis of human remains from an early Danish Christian cemetery, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 128 (2005), pp. 424–429.
Sampietro 2005	Sampietro, M. L. et al., The genetics of the pre-Roman Iberian Peninsula: a mtDNA study of ancient Iberians, Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 69, pt. 5 (Sep 2005), pp. 535-48.
Sampietro 2007	Sampietro, M. et al., Palaeogenetic evidence supports a dual model of Neolithic spreading into Europe, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 274 (2007), pp. 2161–2167.
Schilz 2006	Schilz, F., Molekulargenetische Verwandtschaftsanalysen am prähistorischen Skelettkollektiv der Lichtensteinhöhle, Dissertation, Göttingen (2006).
Schweitzer 2008	Schweitzer, D., Lichtenstein Cave Data Analysis (2008).
Tomczyk 2010	Tomczyk, J. et al., Anthropological Analysis of the Osteological Material from an Ancient Tomb (Early Bronze Age) from the Middle Euphrates Valley, Terqa (Syria), International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, published online ahead of print (2010)
Tömöry 2007	Tömöry, G. et al., Comparison of maternal lineage and biogeographic analyses of ancient and modern Hungarian populations, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 34, no. 3 (2007), pp. 354-68.
Töpf 2006	Töpf, A.L. et al, Tracing the phylogeography of human populations in Britain based on 4th–11th century mtDNA genotypes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 23, no. 1 (2006), pp. 152-161.
Töpf 2007	Töpf , A.L. et al, Ancient human mtDNA genotypes from England reveal lost variation over the last millennium, Biology Letters, vol. 3, no. 5 (2007), pp. 550–553.
Vanek 2009	Vanek, D., Kinship and Y-Chromosome Analysis of 7th Century Human Remains [pdf]: Novel DNA Extraction and Typing Procedure for Ancient Material, Croatian Medical Journal, vol. 50 (2009), pp. 286-95.
Vernesi 2001	Vernesi, C., Genetic characterization of the body attributed to the evangelist Luke, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 98, no. 23 (Nov 2001), pp. 13460-13463.
Vernesi 2004	Vernesi, C., The Etruscans: A Population-Genetic Study, American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 74 (2004), pp. 694–704. Data not included in the tables above, because of difficulty assigning haplogroups, and technical criticisms.
Xie 2007a	Xie, C.Z., et al., Evidence of ancient DNA reveals the first European lineage in Iron Age Central China, Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, vol. 274, no. 1618 (Jul 2007), pp. 1597-601.
Xie 2007b	Xie, C.Z., et al., Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient Sampula population in Xinjiang, Progress in Natural Science, vol. 17, no.  8 (Aug 2007), pp. 927-933(7).
China	Zhang, F., Xu, Z. et al., Prehistorical East–West Admixture of Maternal Lineages in a 2,500-Year-Old Population in Xinjiang, American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2010) early online.